#Systems Thinking
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The Self-Strengthening Movement's Systemic Deadlock: Why Late Qing Acquired Warships, But Never Reformed Its Governance
This essay dismantles the simplistic post-hoc myth that the late Qing merely acquired Western technology without reforming its political system. It dissects the inevitable systemic deadlock of the Self-Strengthening Movement, tracing its roots from fiscal original sin and property rights vacuum to the irreversible strangulation by a privileged bureaucratic apparatus.